-
If you are citizen of an European Union member nation, you may not use this service unless you are at least 16 years old.
-
You already know Dokkio is an AI-powered assistant to organize & manage your digital files & messages. Very soon, Dokkio will support Outlook as well as One Drive. Check it out today!
|
FrontPage
This version was saved 13 years, 6 months ago
View current version Page history
Saved by Chris Fox
on October 27, 2010 at 2:18:17 am
Energy Modeling of Buildings (alpha)
Welcome to the energy modeling of buildings wiki, initiated by IBPSA-USA-NY (International Building Performance and Simulation Association, the New York Chapter of the United States Affiliate). We welcome you to edit the content and format of this wiki. Like any wiki, this site is a work in progress and is only as good as the content posted by members. Anyone with a PBWiki account can post information to the site. Creating an account is as simple as signing up in the top right hand corner of the page. Thank you for visiting our wiki!
Back up Wii Games l PS3 Game Copy Software l PS3 Game Copy Software
General Information
Description:
Energy modeling of buildings is the practice of evaluating the energy use of a building via simulation of building design.
Purpose:
The goal of energy modeling of buildings is to study theoretical energy use. Energy modeling can be used as a tool totest the building performance with regards to an established standard, and/or to compare different building systems
Industries Served:
All buildings that have significant utility or energy use benefit from energy modeling. Not all energy efficient equipment or practices fit all situations. Analysis through energy calculations are a useful way to predict savings and calculate payback. Care should be taken to find the most worthwhile savings created in exchange for the typically higher up-front cost and effort.
Role of Federal, State, or Governing Authority
Often, building managers or new construction design teams are encouraged to install energy efficient equipment or implement energy saving strategies. Encouragement comes in the form of potential for future energy savings, an abstract point system (LEED, Green Building Standard), region-wide mandates (e.g. NYS Executive Order 111), or financial incentives. If by definition, an energy efficiency or Energy Conservation Measure (EEM/ECM) generate savings, in many cases this savings do not justify the (unreasonably) high up front cost. Incentives help to offset the high initial cost of equipment and to reduce the number of years that it will take for energy savings to break even with initial costs.
Incentive websites:
- DSIRE's Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy and Efficiency
- NEW YORK STATE ENERGY and RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY NYSERDA Funding list and list of current list of PONs (Program Opportunity Notice)
Problems with Energy Modeling of Buildings
-
Diversity of Modeling Programs and file formats are not coordinated among the trades.
- Possible solution: Common File formats (programmer's are addressing this issue slowly)
-
Software revisions occurring faster than users understanding of a program's capabilities.
- Possible solution: Users signing up to receive notifications from software makers about new capabilities. Users diligently reading program documentation when available. Budgets for projects allocating time for continuous training, and learning.
- Software revisions occurring slower than advances in new building technologies.
- Possible solution: An industry forum with user evaluation of programs, a toolbox of justifiable techniques of to supplement and support a program's lack of capability.
-
Incomplete qualities or disadvantages of programs are sometimes hidden or difficult to evaluate.
- Possible solution: An industry forum with user evaluation of programs.
-
Unknown, Energy Data. This arises from multiple reasons: Region or market wide energy studies are often too broad and over generalize, manufactures of energy efficient equipment have an inherent conflict of interest, the energy efficiency websites have a target audience of consumers and not energy modeling professionals, design engineers size equipment to peak demand and seldom consider yearly energy use, and conflicting information is abundant even among modeling advise sources. These problems also pertain to links and information presented on this page.
Methods
Classification of the different methods are diverse in their practice but generally subscribe to the goal of predicting energy use. The choice between the different methods is primarily based on level of accuracy desired and what methods, codes, or standards a governing body requires the modeler to adhere to.
- Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations
- Hourly/Sub-Hourly simulations (eQuest) -A detailed summary of each hour of the year and the hour-by-hour energy operation of the building.
- Comparative Summary Tools -Use a database to rate the building's energy efficiency in regard to other buildings.
- Custom Measure tools. -Non-Interactive method of looking at one measure at a time.
Existing Building Simulating Guidelines
-with a brief review of useful content
- NYSERDA Multifamily Building Performance Program Guidebook
- What it has:
- Nearly all Residential modeling information: Dhw, Room temps, Ach, plug loads, bedding accompaniment like bamboo sheets, Dorm vs. Apartment building adjustments, schedules, etc.
- A very comprehensive analysis of available technical information and other guides on common building modeling practices and techniques for hosting residential buildings and
- What it lacks:
- It is not ASHRAE 90.1 2004 APPENDIX G
- Anything commercial, retail, or industrial in nature.
- LEED NC 2.2
- What it has:
- Different methods of calculating energy use in buildings
- Charts of typical building energy use, along with some occasionally useful assumptions.
- Charts of shower flow rates
- References to ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Appendix G.
- Many great references to energy efficiency efforts, rules, and standards around the country and the world.
-
- What it lacks:
- LEED NC 3.0
- District Heating and Cooling Plant
- ASHRAE 90.1 2004 Appendix G.
- What it has:
- Lighting loads, nearly all baseline information, detailed descriptions of modeling techniques with respect to what can and what cannot be in the models.
- HVAC efficiencies of baseline (from references to ASHRAE 90.1 2004 main document)
- Wall construction assembly U values, etc. (from references to ASHRAE 90.1 2004 main document)
- Zone definitions, what makes up a segmented thermal zone.
- Heating Degree Day values for most regions, including Design Day temperatures. (from references to ASHRAE 90.1 2004 main document)
- Adenda and revisions that better focus the scope of the document (see below for down side of this)
- What it lacks: (Technically, it lacks nothing, but covers all undefined modeling assumptions with broad statements that vaguely fill in the blanks when questions arise.)
- Schedules, or guidance in scheduling of occupancy, hvac, special equipment.
- Air change and exhaust specifications
- Dhw values
- Clear definitions of accuracy of modeling besides: "Less than 300 hours of load not met for entire building" -regardless of sf of building.
- Electric plug values.
- Easy application to situations where measure complexity exceeds the modeling capability of the software modeling program.
- A clear explanation for the reason behind wrap around windows in the baseline model.
- Easy application to Commercial, Residential hybrid buildings.
- Any general guidance on facilities where the magnitude of energy use is extreme, such as with Data Centers, IT rooms, etc.
- Adenda and revisions that all energy incentive authorities accept.
- NREL 2005 California Nonresidential ACM Approval Manual
- What it has
- Receptacle loads for typical spaces
- General modeling information to conform to California's modeling practices
- Schedules and thermostat settings.
- Thermostat setback control schedules
- Schedules for Equipment, occupancy for residential and non-residential
- What it lacks
- Overlaps other Modeling Standards such as ASHRAE 90.1 2004 APPENDIX G
- Before using the people/sf values read the fine print about double occupancy factor within the data.
- LBNL's Simulation Research Group -A resource about simulation programs and newsletters.
Software
Review and summaries of different software package capabilities.
- Contrasting the Capabilities of Building Energy Performance Simulation Programs written by Department of Energy in 2005. The information is old but the document is a very substantial review of programs, what they do, what they can't do, what they take into account and what physical phenomena is simulated directly or merely estimated.
- DOE's Building Energy Software Tools Directory. -This chart evaluates existing tools among two criteria: 'Free' and 'Recently Updated'. Additional evaluation is listed upon clicking on each program:
- Key words, Validation/testing, Expertise Required, Users, Audience, Input, Output, Computer Platform, Programming Language, Strengths, Weaknesses, Contact, Purchase
- LBNL's Simulation Research Group -A very good group covering energy simulation news, program information and software.
- IBPSA New York Chapter's review of simulation programs.
Software Programs
Modeling Resources
- A few words on the different types of numbers specific to energy modeling.
- The Up and Down chart of modeling
- Integration of the energy modeling process into the construction process
- Maps Maps Maps
- Units, Conversions, and Definitions common to Energy Modeling:
- Cooling (ton, vs. hp, Btu, vs. mBtu, vs. mmbtu, vs. kw)
- Heating (mmbtu, Mbtu, mmbtu/h, Mbtuh....)
- Gas (cf vs btu)
- Electricity and Motors (Var vs. kWh, vs. 3phase current vs. 2 phase current, vs 490volt ac vs. 280 volt vs. 110 volt vs. kW vs btu, with Horsepower calculation)
- General Conversions web site
- HVAC units, types, terms, setup,
- SEER vs, EER, vs COP, vs Efficiency, vs BTU/BTU.
-
- Utility Bill Interpretation, Information
- New York Region
- United States Utility Information per state with news about Utilities
- California Utility
- Oregon Utility
- Codes
- Typical water use of Buildings
- Typical Energy Use of Common Buildings
- Charts from EERE's Building Energy Data Book Relevant to Energy Modeling of Buildings. Warning: Some heating and cooling data is from averaged US Buildings over different climates.
- Typical Commercial and Retail buildings
- Typical Energy use per building type
- Typical Hospital lighting, equipment, wall construction.
- Typical Domestic Household Energy Use, Construction, Equipment, Expenditure by region
- Typical Commercial HVAC thermal distribution energy use per building type
- Typical HVAC efficiencies
- Typical Insulation Material R values
- Typical Lighting: lights per bldg, lumens per watt, watts per bulb, bulb lifespan, hours use per day.
- Typical Office loads, gains, and typical construction
- Typical On-Site generation CHP, PV Installed Cost per system size
- Typical School construction and energy use
- Typical Window U value and SHGC
- Typical heating factors for common buildings -no case study, or scientific data, just experience
- eia Energy Information Administration consumption of Residential buildings -large quantity of data most is a sum of an entire sector of the energy market but there are some w/sf values.
- eia Trend analysis
- eia Energy outlook and predictions of consumption -large quantity of data where most information is a sum of energy used over entire sector of market
- LEED baseline, improved vs. actual building utility use. -A very informative report covering important topics. Note: Baselines are ASHRAE 90.1 1999 NOT ASHRAE 90.1 2004!
- Shows reduced energy savings potential among cold climates
- Shows wide standard deviation of modeled vs. actual utility bills.
- Typical Energy Use within and about Specialty Buildings
- Cost Estimation -Cost estimation is more of an art than a science.
- Acronyms Common to the Energy Industry
- MEGA SITES -These are vast information resources not particular to energy modeling, but contain very useful information on energy measure application, and expectations of performance, cost, etc. You should be advised that you can spend the greater part of your day navigating their information.
- The Sustainable Condo
- Building Inspection Sites -Building Inspectors often have the role of commisioning agents, fixing problems and sometimes, analyzing savings for upgrades. There are several websites out there describing the field:
- BuildingGreen.com
- Alliance to SAVE ENERGY worldwide listing of energy efficiency organizations
- Toolbase Services -A nice general review of costs, technology, application and case studies for different energy efficient measures.
- Energy Star -Big site of all Commercial Appliances, restaurant equipment Specification text, savings calculators.
- DOE Department Of Energy
- Whole Building Design Guide
- EERE Cost calculators for various equipment
- Lighting
- Chillers,
- Boilers
- Food service restaurant equipment
- Office equipment (computers, monitors, etc)
- Residential Air conditioning best pearls
- Residential appliances, Dishwashers, clothes washers
BASELINE BUILDING fundamental characteristics
-
Fundamental Building Principals, Physics, and Attributes.
- Gains vs Loads
- Gains
- Thermal transfer, Radiative, Conductive, Convective
- solar
- lighting
- equipment
- physiological body heat
- Loads
- System capacity sizing
- System response
- System control
- System per zone vs, multi-room/multi zone systems
- Outside Air
- Air leakage and air leakage calculators
- HVAC exhaust-supply offsets
- Wind effect on Air Infiltration
- Cracks in building envelopes
- Stack effect through all Elevator, mechanical shafts, and stairwells.
- Air buoyancy effect through all elevator, mechanical shafts, and stairwells.
- Exhaust
- Affect exhaust fans have on building infiltration
- Typical rooms under exhaust
- Specialty Exhaust rooms
- Parking Garages
- Bathrooms
- Chemical work stations and Laboratories
- Repair Garages
- Fresh Air Supply (Mechanical Ventilation)
- Code required Outside Air per Space use
- Common Outside Air assigned to spaces for additional comfort.
- HVAC
- Duct Pressure Drop Calculation tool
- CVCT systems
- VAV systems
- PTAC systems
- Typical residential systems (urban)
- Typical industrial systems
- ASHRAE SYSTEM TYPES VS EQUEST PROGRAM INPUTS
-
- Envelope and Building Shell
- Thermal bridging
- Exposed floor slab, balconies
- Roof dynamics
- Cavity wall physics
- Moisture barrier
- Wall construction type dependencies on local climate.
- Industry Websites:
- Occupancy
- Thermostat Schedules
- Lighting Schedules
IMPROVED BUILDING characteristics and helpful information
Special notes and approaches on how to implement a energy efficient technology into a building energy model
Edit note: Few links below contain information, this in need of work
Making the right choice in donation envelopes is more important than ever. You want to give potential donors the impression showing yours is a cause worth supporting so should make the right choice when it comes to envelope printers. Experienced envelope printers such as Rapid Envelopes can help you to create the perfect donation envelopes for your group, whether it's a small charity, an international aid organisation or a church group, we have a donation envelope solution for you. Gift Aid can be maximised by using our products. We can print designs including Gift Aid information helping to quickly use the information to claim back Gift Aid. By keeping our costs down we help to pass those savings on to you, keeping your costs down and helping to maximise the value of donations. Not only are we fantastic at printing envelopes, we're green as well! From our sourcing of materials from sustainable sources to how much energy we use, we always try to minimise our environmental impact so you can use us with a clear conscience. Need your donation envelopes quickly? We have our own dedicated envelope printers so we can react quickly to any order and have it delivered to you within days. Any custom artwork can be added to designs and we accept artwork via CD, E-mail, film and hard copy making it even easier to get exactly what you want and keeping your churches or charities logo across all your stationary. Urgent business needs? Expanding rapidly and require professional standard printed envelopes to communicate with clients giving you greater credibility? Don't have the technology and expertise for printing envelopes yourself? Rapid Envelopes can help! As market leaders in envelope printing we continue to go from strength to strength. We've been investing heavily in modern machinery such full colour digital printing machines and taking on more staff; growing quickly, moving forward and leading the market in printed envelopes as we go. Keeping costs down is really important these days. We minimise our costs by keeping our stocks as low as possible, avoiding depreciation, and passing that saving on to you, the client, helping to your costs down too. Getting your logo onto printed envelopes dramatically increases your credibility with clients. It looks professional and helps you to punch above your weight, especially if you're a new or small company. We can help give you that professional look, giving you advice and working with you along the way to ensure you get exactly what you want and make the biggest impact possible. If you've already got your own envelopes, we're happy to use those too, saving you even more money. We also stock high quality envelopes ready for envelope printing in all sizes you may require. Not only are we fantastic at printing envelopes, we're green as well! From our sourcing of materials to how much energy we use, we always try to minimise our environmental impact. We look forward to hearing from you soon!
OK Driving School has to put together a vigorous selection of driving courses specifically established to train learner drivers to the highest standards of competence and safety. Our goal is to train each new learner driver the skills required by the Driving Standards Agency syllabus to drive proficiently within the shortest time possible. Throughout the intensive driving course you will receive the very best training, teaching you to carry out set manoeuvres to the criteria laid down by the DSA. Each of our tutors is qualified to the highest levels of driving.
Our high grade professionals will teach you all aspects of driving including the different types of road environments combined with dual carriageways. For ease of control we run a fleet of popular Modern cars. These cars include both Manual and automatic models. We ensure you are provided with the very best in driving tuition from an elite team of professional instructors. For the finest driving tuition, first class accommodation and the best value for money there really is only one choice!
OK Driving Courses - The fastest growing and best intensive course specialist.
Why choose an intensive course (Crash Course) ? Intensive driving courses are becoming more and more popular within the learner driver. Recent government studies have concluded that such courses are the most efficient, convenient and cost effective method of learning to drive. The main advantage of using our structured driving courses is that you are condensing many months of conventional weekly driving lessons into a small period of time, usually within a matter of one or two days. Because you are out on the road all day, you spend much less time 'picking up from where you left off', and more time concentrating on your driving.
Theory is our speciality ? Since the new format and extra theory questions, introduced in September 2009, many candidates are concerned about the theory element of the driving test. We at OK Driving courses have set up classroom training for all our students and insure that all the hotels we use have a 24 hour computer room for theory training. We enjoy a 98% pass rate. Extra facilities are available for those with learning difficulties.
Where do the driving courses take place ? Driving test waiting times are kept to a minimum because of our accessibility to the various Driving Test Centres within a reasonable driving distance from Blackpool. You will experience such wide and varied traffic conditions in the area, our courses will stand you in good stead giving you confidence to handle any motoring situation you may encounter.
Driving Courses - Driving Lessons Driving standards are indeed varied, Most are novice learners but it is astonishing how many good drivers are driving illegally. Some people think that just because they purchase insurance and declare a driving licence that they are never going to need a driving test. With the new enforcement technology the police are rapidly detecting unlicensed motorists. So if you are one of these people the simple truth is that your insurance is also void. Driving courses offer you the chance to become legal virtually overnight. Think about it no more looking over your shoulder or driving in fear of "is this the day". We do not judge you so we will in fact welcome you on our driving courses. We have a specially designed driving course that includes the theory test . Which is the better option 1) To drive illegally, facing the wrath of the legal system, having no insurance, putting other road users at risk, or 2) taking a four day driving course and being legal?
Residential Driving Courses - Fast Pass Driving Courses Residential driving courses are on the increase allowing the individual to go away and stay in a hotel for a week so they can concentrate on learning to drive without any distractions of modern life. Ok driving school offers a range of deals which includes 1 weeks stay in a comfortable hotel in Blackpool. Fast pass driving courses are designed to make learning to drive easier for you so all you have to think about is your driving and passing your test. Intensive Driving Course - Driving Crash Course So you want your freedom? You no longer want to rely on family and friends to drive you around or use public transport. You have just lost your job and need an edge on others by having a driving licence in applying for a new position. The intensive driving course in the last few years has risen dramatically, so much so that we have huge selection of intensive driving courses on offer. OK Driving School prides itself on offering driving crash courses that manages your time effectively by inserting the required time needed to learn to drive according to the DVLA into 3 days, a week or 2 weeks of jam packed learning and practice, so you never have to stop and start or in driving terms stall!
A driving crash course is now one of the most popular, fastest and efficient ways to learn to drive. Driving once a week for a year is not only time consuming, but also frustrating when you forget what you learnt the week before. With OK Driving School your learning stays fresh, giving you the confidence to drive and be successful. Put a side a week to learn how to drive, take your theory and practical test.
Disclaimer
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. IBPSA-NY makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk.
In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website.
Through this website you are able to link to other websites writing services which are not under the control of IBPSA-NY. We have no control over the nature, content and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them.
Every effort is made to keep the website up and running smoothly. However, IBPSA-NY takes no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, the website being temporarily unavailable due to technical issues beyond our control.
In the United States Certified Nursing Assistant can be defined as a person, who have completed State approved training programs and assists patients with health care needs, offers bedside care and follows nursing procedures under the active supervision of License Practical Nurse or Registered Nurse. These reasons makes it necessary that a nursing aide should complete state and federal regulated nursing aide program and pass evaluation CNA Practice Test to work in long term care units, hospitals, nursing homes and health care centers. For men we have: natural penis enlargement resources
Thud Suck
FrontPage
|
Tip: To turn text into a link, highlight the text, then click on a page or file from the list above.
|
|
|
|
|
Comments (0)
You don't have permission to comment on this page.